What is the role of a facilitator?

6 roles of a facilitator

Facilitation is a relatively new field of interest and, as such, we don’t really have a neat box to categorize it in. Is it a form of training? Is it business consultancy? It can be those things and more, but it also has its own, distinguishing features. 

One way of defining facilitation is to say it’s the craft of leading groups towards a desired outcome. While that is true, saying it out loud is likely to be received with crickets and blank stares. To clarify what facilitation means, when holding training programs for newcomers to facilitation I have found it useful to use metaphors. A facilitator is like a guide. Like a compass. Like a mirror. Like a bridge.

In the next few pages, we will go through a series of roles that characterize what a facilitator does and how. Each, on its own, says something about the craft of facilitation. The most effective facilitation combines all these roles (and more) to create inclusive learning environments and meaningful group discussions.

You’ll probably find some of these roles more familiar, or more natural to your facilitation style, than others. It’s important to remember that they all serve a purpose to drive the group forward, so you should consider developing those in which you feel weakest or, if you can co-facilitate, leaning into your strongest suit and pairing up with someone who favors different roles.

Here is how we will describe the role of a facilitator in the next few pages:

Facilitator as Guide

The role of a facilitator can be likened to that of a guide, leading a group through unfamiliar or complex terrain. Like a hiking guide helps travelers navigate trails, a facilitator provides direction and support without imposing personal judgments or solutions. Your role as a guide is to set the course for discussion, ensuring participants stay on track while also encouraging the exploration of different perspectives. 

Just as a guide doesn’t walk the path for the hikers but helps them find the best route, a facilitator helps a group uncover solutions and make decisions that are their own.

Your role as facilitator is akin to being a guide every time you:

• Go through the session agenda before the actual workshop, using experience and foresight to craft a good itinerary for your group, and prevent potential pitfalls;
• Present participants with a sense of the journey you’ll take together and the destination (outcome) you are aiming for;
• Remind everyone of what part of the process they are currently in, such as divergence (ideation, brainstorming) or convergence (decision-making, narrowing down options).

The guiding role of a facilitator is essential for a group to achieve its aims because it provides structure without dominating the discussion. A facilitator enables the group to remain productive by steering the conversation away from distractions or unproductive tangents while encouraging participation from everyone. By guiding rather than directing, the facilitator empowers the group to take ownership of its decisions and progress.

What are the skills of a facilitator as guide? 

To be an effective guide, you’ll need to hone and practice several key skills, including:

• Clear communication: strong verbal and non-verbal communication skills help facilitators provide clear instructions and ensure everyone understands the process, keeping the group on track.
• Neutrality and impartiality: the ability to remain unattached to any particular outcome is critical, as it allows the facilitator to guide discussions without favoring certain viewpoints.
• Adaptability: a facilitator learns how to sense the room, picking up group dynamics and patterns and adapting their route according to what is really going on for the group at the moment, rather than sticking to a pre-established plan.

Facilitator as Community Builder  

A facilitator’s role can be compared to that of a community builder, someone who fosters connections and encourages collaboration among a group. Like a community builder, the facilitator creates a welcoming, inclusive environment where all participants feel valued and heard. The goal is to establish trust and create a sense of shared ownership over the group’s outcomes.

For example, in a workshop aimed at team collaboration, you may start by organizing icebreaking activities that allow participants to get to know each other better, breaking down barriers and encouraging open communication. With your community builder hat on, you’ll be inviting group members to share ideas and perspectives, fostering a sense of belonging. When everyone feels comfortable, the group becomes more open and productive in their discussions.

Of all the roles of a facilitator, this is the one closest to my heart and to my personal style as a group leader. When I worked as a tutor for summer school students, for example, I generally dedicated most of the first day in our programs to activities aimed to help participants learn about one another, from name games to deeper questions around motivation and purpose. 

“Sit together with one other person and share something about your ancestors, or the places you come from” I remember telling a group of young engineers, much to their surprise. At the end of their week together, more than one of them came to me to share variations of this feedback: “At first, I was annoyed that we could not go straight into talking about engineering. But now I realize we worked better together because of personal conversations we had”.

Ground rules are a useful tool for the facilitator as community builder. This refers to having a section of the workshop dedicated to sharing and agreeing upon how participants intend to behave with each other during the time they share.

This community-building approach helps the group achieve its goals by establishing a foundation of trust and respect, which is crucial for collaboration. People are more likely to engage and share their best ideas when they feel they are part of a supportive community.  

What are the skills of a facilitator as community builder? 

To be an effective community builder, you’ll need to cultivate several key skills, including:

• Empathy and emotional intelligence: building a sense of community starts with understanding and connecting with others. Facilitators need to recognize the emotions and needs of the group, showing genuine care and concern for how people are feeling. This helps create a space where participants feel valued and heard.
• Group dynamics awareness: every group has its unique energy, and a facilitator who is tuned into the dynamics can encourage positive interactions while addressing any tensions before they escalate. Being able to read the room and understand the relationships at play helps create an inclusive, supportive environment.
• Conflict literacy: no community is without conflict, but a skilled facilitator can help navigate disagreements in a way that brings people closer rather than driving them apart. By guiding the group through challenges with fairness and calm, facilitators help solidify trust and maintain harmony, ensuring everyone remains engaged in the collective effort.

Facilitator as Team Coach  

A facilitator can also be seen as a team coach, guiding and motivating the group to perform at its best. Like a sports coach, the facilitator doesn’t dictate solutions but helps the group identify its strengths, set goals, and work through challenges. The focus is on empowering the group to improve and make progress.

Facilitation and coaching share a lot of terrain, and the words are often used interchangeably, which can create some confusion. In the sense I am using here, coaching is the ability to identify potential and explore ways to work towards the realization of that potential. As such, it can be seen as a possible component of facilitation. We are not talking here about 1:1 coaching which, while sharing some DNA with facilitation, is a different application of similar skills. 

You are taking on the mantle of a team coach when driving a group to realize its aims and objectives. Many facilitation methods help increase motivation. In a problem-solving session, for instance, you might encourage team members to reflect on past successes and challenges, helping them identify what strategies worked well and what could be improved.

Another aspect of this role has to do with asking powerful questions. If it feels like participants are getting too comfortable, and you have a sense that they may be falling into groupthink, you’ll need to push the group to use critical thinking skills.

If the group easily agrees on everything, which might, at first glance, feel like a good thing, it’s your job as a facilitator to challenge participants and dig a bit deeper. Are we sure this approach is the best? Is someone perhaps sitting with criticism they are not airing?

The six thinking hats method crafted by Edward De Bono is a useful tool for the facilitator as team coach. Asking everyone to temporarily wear the “black hat” of critical thinking is great way to draw out disagreements safely and playfully. “Yellow hat” thinking invites the group to reach for its highest potential.  

I’ve sometimes found that the role of facilitator as team coach and that of facilitator as community builder can feels at odds with one another. Should we be aiming to make everyone cozy and comfortable, or challenge them to rise to higher standards? As with all things facilitation, the answers are “it depends”, and “both”.

Creating safer spaces and pushing people beyond their comfort zones serve different purposes. You can think of these tasks sequentially, as something appropriate to different parts of the process: community building comes first, making it possible to push the team later. If you are working with a co-facilitator who’s skilled at a different style, it can be useful to separate roles a bit: as a person who loves to create an inclusive, comfortable community, I often like to work with someone more likely to challenge the group.

Learning happens right at the edge between risk and comfort, so getting this interplay right can really make the difference for your participants, especially in a training course or learning environment.

Key skills for a facilitator as a team coach

• Motivation and encouragement: a team coach knows how to uplift the group, keeping energy levels high and helping participants stay focused on their shared goals. By offering positive reinforcement and celebrating progress, a facilitator can boost feelings of accomplishment and momentum that push the group to keep moving forward.
• Asking powerful questions: effective coaching is about guiding people to their own insights. When coaching the group, a facilitator uses powerful, thought-provoking questions to challenge assumptions, encourage deeper thinking, and help the team explore alternative solutions without providing the answers themselves.
• Goal setting and progress monitoring: as a coach, a facilitator helps the group clarify its objectives and create a roadmap for success. You can keep the group accountable by regularly checking in on progress, helping everyone stay aligned, keeping an eye on task management and adjusting the course when necessary to ensure goals are met.

Facilitator as MC/Host  

The role of a facilitator can also be likened to that of an MC (master of ceremonies) or host at an event, who sets the tone, keeps things moving, and ensures that everything runs smoothly. The MC introduces the speakers, keeps the audience engaged, and makes sure the schedule is followed—all while being the face of the event, ensuring the energy remains positive.

In your role as host, you’ll be expected to set the stage at the beginning. This not only means explaining the agenda and goals (which is more of a guiding role) but also inspiring the group through, for example, reading a quote, telling a story, or inviting a moment of grounding and reflection.

Given how busy people’s lives are, they are likely to arrive to any session, especially online, with scattered thoughts and attention. As host, you can ask to focus on the other people in the room, including in a videocall, thanking everyone for being in the space and appealing to their desire to focus, learn, and achieve something together.

Throughout the session, it is also your role as host to transition smoothly between activities, and maintain the group’s energy level with energizers, breaks, or even music if it fits the mood!

Gatherings crackle and flourish when real thought goes into them, when (often invisible) structure is baked into them, and when a host has the curiosity, willingness, and generosity of spirit to try.

Priya Parker, The Art of Gathering: How We Meet and Why It Matters

This role helps the group meet its objectives by keeping the session organized and dynamic, maintaining a flow that keeps participants energized and on schedule. In large events, conferences or panels, this is the role of the moderator: facilitators sometimes act as moderators, especially when events include an element of active participation from the audience.

Time management is a key function for the facilitator in their role as host. While the actual agenda for the day may be open and flexible based on emergent needs, it’s important that starting and end times, as well as breaks, are respected, and that work gets done in the time allotted.

When designing a tool to support facilitators, that’s the first thing we helped solve with SessionLab’s planner, which allows facilitators to design sessions that fit the allotted time, and easily drag-and-drop activities to change the plan as required.

Key skills for a facilitator as an MC/host

• Time management: as an MC, a facilitator ensures the event runs smoothly and on schedule. This includes juggling transitions between activities and speakers, keeping everything on track to make sure participants time is used in the best possible way, without them having to worry about logistics or overrunning.
• Public speaking: confidence in front of an audience is key to fulfill this role of a facilitator. Your presence sets the tone for the event; you’ll need to think about how to clearly and succinctly engage the audience and communicate with the group, making sure that everyone is informed and ready for what’s coming next.
• Energy management and pacing: a skilled host knows how to read the room and adjust the flow of the session to maintain energy. Use your instincts to either pick up the pace or slow things down when the group needs a moment to reflect or recharge.

Facilitator as Peacebuilder

A facilitator’s role can also be compared to that of a peacebuilder, someone who helps resolve tensions, fosters understanding, and encourages collaboration among differing viewpoints. Much like a peacebuilder works to manage conflict and find common ground, a facilitator ensures that discussions remain respectful and that any disagreements are handled constructively, allowing the group to move forward together.

For instance, in a meeting where team members have conflicting opinions about the direction of a project, you might find yourself stepping in to mediate by allowing each participant to express their concerns in a calm and structured way.

Active listening is your best friend in such situations. Listen carefully, then help the group identify shared interests or goals that can serve as a foundation for moving forward. This peacebuilding role is essential for helping the group achieve its goals because it allows the team to navigate through conflicts and disagreements without stalling progress. Although this role can feel difficult at first, with some practice you will learn how to leverage differences as a source of growth rather than an obstacle.

The relationship between facilitation and mediation is another complicated one. While many facilitators are trained in mediation, not all are, nor is it a requirement for the job. Mediation has its own highly specialized set of methodologies and tools, usually focussing on mediating between two positions, rather than dealing with whole-group tensions.

I believe it is essential for professional facilitators to become literate in the language and concepts of conflict mediation, but it is equally important to know when to step back and recommend professional mediation as a pathway to building peace.

Once a workshop is over, it’s also the facilitator’s job to document outcomes and draft reports. You can think of this as part of a peacebuilding role because it enables parties to continue their journey of mutual understanding together. Writing up reports is an underappreciated source of power: make them clear and actionable and you’ll have boosted collaboration for longer than just the timespan of single workshop!

Key skills for a facilitator as a peacebuilder

• Conflict literacy: when taking on a peacebuilding role, a facilitator must understand the nature of conflict and be able to identify its root causes. When you catch frightened gazes looking your way for help (conflict is scary!) you might need to step in and help everyone navigate differences without escalating tension.
• Active listening and empathy: to cultivate peace, a facilitator needs to listen deeply to all sides, ensuring that everyone feels heard and respected. By showing empathy and validating different perspectives, you can create an environment where participants are more open to understanding each other. Being an active listener will also make it easier to write clear, actionable reports after each event.
• Emotional regulation: remaining calm and composed in the face of conflict is essential. A key skill for a good facilitator is self-awareness, knowing how to manage one’s own emotions while helping the group manage theirs.

Facilitator as Experience Designer  

A facilitator can also be seen as an experience designer, someone who crafts an intentional and engaging process for participants to move through. As experience designer, the facilitator carefully plans the flow of activities, ensuring that each part of the session builds toward the group’s overall goal.

This behind-the-scenes work ensures the session is both structured and purposeful, using foresight to anticipate potential challenges and making sure the agenda is adaptable to any changes that may arise. 

This experience-design approach helps the group achieve its goals by providing a structured yet flexible pathway that maximizes creativity and collaboration. By thinking ahead and planning a well-balanced session, you can ensure that the entire group moves efficiently toward its desired outcomes.  

At SessionLab, we support facilitators and workshop designers to streamline the work of agenda design. Using SessionLab’s agenda builder, you can easily drag-and-drop activities you’ve ideated or selected from a library of over 1300 methods, and arrange them into a coherent flow. To learn more about the skill of agenda designing, read our guide to designing and planning a workshop here. 

Key skills for a facilitator as experience designer

• Session planning: a well-designed agenda is the backbone of a successful session. As experience designer, you are carefully crafting a flow of activities and discussions that align with the group’s goals. 
• Creativity and innovation: designing engaging and meaningful experiences requires creativity. A facilitator needs to think outside the box, choosing or creating activities that capture the group’s attention and encourage participation, all while keeping the core purpose in focus.
• Flexibility: no matter how well-planned a session is, group dynamics can shift. A skilled experience designer stays flexible, adapting the agenda in real-time to meet the emerging needs of the participants. This ensures that the session remains relevant and impactful, regardless of any unforeseen developments.

3 things a facilitator is (probably) not

Another way of looking at facilitation to understand it better is to compare it to similar tasks that are alike, but not quite there. This can help clarify the role of a facilitator with respect to some other tasks that sometimes cause confusion.

With this in mind, here are three things a facilitator is (probably) not. Having the skills of teachers, event planners and tech wizards can certainly make our life easier, but should not be seen as basic requirements for the job.

Is a facilitator a teacher?

A facilitator is not a teacher or a subject matter expert because your role is not to provide instruction or share specialized knowledge with the group. Unlike a lecturer, who imparts knowledge or skills, a facilitator believes that the knowledge is within the group, and their role is to draw it out, not impart it.

This is what distinguishes facilitation from training: while training involves delivering information and teaching specific skills, facilitation is about leading group discussions, and arriving at collective outcomes through guided interaction. The facilitator’s role is to create a conducive environment for the learning process, not to be the source of knowledge.

While that might sound straightforward in principle, it’s worth noting that reality is a lot more nuanced. The role of training facilitator includes elements of both facilitation and education.

When leading training sessions, facilitators create inclusive learning environments; a good training facilitator might design a training program and help lead it, even if they are not subject matter experts themselves. 

Yet another source of confusion is what happens when running programs and workshops to train facilitators. If you want to learn more about how wearing all those hats at the same time might work, I’ve written about my experience training facilitators in this article. 

Is a facilitator a wedding planner? 

Not quite! While a facilitator is certainly there to ensure a smooth process, you should not be expected to hire the catering or figure out how to get everyone to the venue on time. 

Sure, we might show up early to rearrange the tables for better group interaction, but when it comes to logistics—like organizing coffee breaks or setting up AV equipment—that’s best left to a dedicated logistics team. In larger conferences or events, facilitators work alongside those managing the venue, not in place of them. The facilitator’s job is to guide the conversation and help the group collaborate effectively, not to worry about whether there’s enough almond milk for the coffee.

Is a facilitator a studio technician? 

A facilitator is not a studio technician, and should not be expected to expertly rig up microphones, troubleshoot the projector, or make sure the Zoom call has flawless audio! While a studio technician’s job is to handle the technical aspects—wiring up sound systems, adjusting lighting, and ensuring the technology runs smoothly—a facilitator’s role is quite different.

Although some facilitators, especially those working mainly online, have acquired great abilities as tech hosts, it is not always a part of the skillset. It’s important to remember that facilitation is part of a broader team effort. While the facilitator creates a space for productive collaboration and problem-solving, they rely on other team members to handle logistics like technology, organizing a learning management system (if online), catering or room setup (in person). 

When negotiating with clients, it’s important to clarify expectations in terms of technical setup and make sure someone is taking care of these important matters. 

3 FAQs from facilitation training programs

Having looked at all these facets of facilitation in turn, there are three more things I’d like to share from my experience in training facilitators. When I host training programs sharing facilitation skills, we generally dedicate a good chunk of time to discussing what a facilitator is, and what makes an effective facilitator. Here are three questions I get a lot when training facilitators, and my answers.

Q: Is the facilitator inside or outside the group?

Facilitators often find themselves balancing between being inside and outside the group. While you are a part of the group process, you also need to maintain a certain level of detachment. This distance allows to manage the flow without getting caught up in the content, and help the group see the bigger picture. 

Think of the facilitator as someone who stands both on the balcony, observing the group from above, and on the dancefloor, jiving with everyone else. The key is to be involved enough to guide the group but distant enough to help them reflect and make their own decisions.

Q: What is the relation between facilitating a group and leading a group?

Facilitating and leading may seem similar, but they serve different purposes. A leader often takes charge of decision-making and drives the group toward a specific goal. A facilitator, on the other hand, doesn’t lead the group in a directional sense but instead guides the process. 

The facilitator’s role is to create the conditions for the group to find its own way to the outcome, rather than making decisions for them. It’s more about nurturing collaboration, drawing out ideas, and ensuring every voice is heard. In this way, facilitation supports leadership, but doesn’t replace it. Team leaders can certainly benefit from gaining facilitation skills, although with more complicated meetings it’s generally easier to separate the two roles. 

Q: Do I have to do it all myself?

Not at all! Facilitation is a role, but it doesn’t mean you have to wear all the hats at once. In fact, facilitation is often more effective when responsibilities are shared. You might designate someone as a timekeeper to ensure the meeting runs smoothly, or assign another person to take notes and capture key insights. 

Spreading out these tasks allows you to stay in the main facilitator role, guiding the process and keeping everyone engaged. By delegating certain other aspects, you can make the session more efficient and ensure that each aspect of the facilitation process is handled with care.

What’s next

How do you feel about facilitation after reading this? If you have the sense it might be a good career choice for you, you might want to check out our article on how to become a professional facilitator.

To get a sense of what facilitators do in practice, you can use SessionLab’s template collection, particularly templates marked as #essential, to begin! And if you’d like to know more about what makes great facilitation, read our guide to general facilitation skills.

Certain tools are closely associated with the facilitator’s role. Sticky notes and markers, as well as online whiteboards like Miro and Mural make up the toolkit that enables facilitators to deliver great experiences, on and offline. For the preparation phase of designing workshops and events, the go-to software is SessionLab’s agenda planner.

Try it out and discover how it can help you quickly grasp the basics of facilitation, making it easier to craft engaging sessions, pick out new activities from an extensive library of facilitation techniques, deliver professional printouts to your clients, and more.

Deborah Rim Moiso Facilitation Content Writer

Deborah Rim Moiso is an Endorsed Facilitator with the IAF – International Association of Facilitators and former co-chair of the Italian IAF Chapter.

She is the author of a manual and deck of cards on facilitation available in Italian (Facilitiamoci!). Deborah has been working with groups since 2009 in the fields of innovation in education, citizen participation, and environmental conflicts.